From the beginning of literary studies, rhetorical techniques have been considered a literature grading tools. Although the functions of these aesthetic techniques are defined according to the audience, many techniques were considered as equal to literary techniques without having a true literary value to prove the beauty of the literary work due to the lack of purposeful and accurate explanation of the basics of aesthetics. In the present study, the definitions and different names of the congeries, as one of the main embellishment techniques in literature, were investigated via analyzing them, and other related literary techniques. In identifying the functions of this literary term, its role in traditional embellishment as well as in modern literature, such as criticism and stylistics, has been addressed. This is achieved through formulating the following questions “ What literary techniques were mixed with congeries in terms of definition and literary role? ” , “ What is the relationship between redefining this literary technique and new fields of study, such as LINGUISTICS? ” and “ How can new tasks be assigned to improve the function of congeries through redefining it? ” Accordingly, the definitions of congeries were examined from the beginning. Then the techniques that have commonalities with congeries in function and definition were recognized. In addition, the term collocation is also evaluated as a suggestion for completing the meaning, subdivisions, and tasks of congeries.

Translation, ipso facto, is an understanding and a transferal of meaning from one language into another. Therefore, it may be fitting to conclude that a suitable semantic theory should underpin any attempt to that end. This paper advocates implementing SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS (henceforth SFL) which subscribes to a view of language as a ‘ meaning-potential’ . In fact, Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) place a high premium on the notion of function (meaning) as the fundamental building block of language and state in no uncertain terms that texts and the individual clauses comprising texts are carriers of multidi-mensional meanings, namely Ideational, Interpersonal, and Textual and representations of three strands of meaning rather than vessels of propositional content. However, as Halliday (2001) puts it, equivalence in translation has largely been characterized ideationally to the exclusion of interpersonal and textual mean-ings. This research was an endeavor to examine how effectively the latter two are handled. In order to test this, 15 M. A. translation students were selected randomly and were given the text State-Sponsored Horror in Oklahoma to translate. In the data analysis, each clause of the English text and its translation were ana-lyzed to both identify the ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings and classify the errors in accord-ance with their nature. To achieve this, recourse was made to Halliday's SFL which offers a rich reper-toire of metalinguistic tools for text analysis from an analytical angle. The results of the study were con-gruous with Halliday’ s statement.

The first ode in Farrokhi Sistani’s Divan is a poetic description of clouds. It has been imitated by many poets. The authors of the present research have studied the first part of the ode (Taqazzol), which has been imitated by three poets close to Farrokhi’s time- Azraqi, Masoud Sa’d, Amirmo’ezy- comparing them with Farrokhi’s own poem, in the framework of SYSTEMIC–FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS. Since Azraqi is known for his poetic innovations and Amirmo’ezy is accused of sheer imitation – if not literary theft – of Farrokhi’s Divan and Onsory’s, the research can also provide a scientific and objective analysis of creativity, innovation or sheer imitation. No doubt many literary artistic beauties and fine points cannot be explained through linguistic analysis. However, most linguistic approaches, methods, and tools are useful for understanding literary texts preventing subjective evaluations and judgments.

This study investigated the features that characterize Iranian EFL high school teachers’ classroom discourse behaviors and what could be revealed about these teachers’ behaviors when analyzed through SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS (SFL). To this end, 10 Iranian EFL high school teachers (5 males, 5 females, mean age 30) were audiorecorded. The study results showed some behavioral patterns in the classroom discourse behaviors of the study participants, the most important of which were the use of the Grammar-Translation Method (translation) and several audiolingual techniques such as drill practices. Concerning SFL, thematizing based on whatever came at the beginning of English sentences and the use of so for thematizing, using it as a conjunction, concluding, and drawing and redirecting students’ attention were familiar. The results suggest several behavioral patterns common among Iranian EFL high school teachers. The implications of the study focus on the importance of knowing these behavioral patterns for teachers themselves and teacher trainers and policymakers.

Some literary critics have often engaged in debates on the degree of overall cohesion and coherence across the couplets of the Hafez ghazals: some maintain that the Hafez’s ghazals lack coherence, some others believe that there is cohesion and coherence in the nature of the couplets. This paper presents an analysis of the overall coherence in a ghazal of Hafez- that has a weak cohesion apparently- by using a LINGUISTICS framework laid out by Halliday and Hasan (1976 & 1984). Based on this theory, although cohesion is an important property of a text, just finding the cohesive elements does not show that the text is coherent. Rather, after finding these elements, it is necessary to show coherence in a text based on Cohesive Harmony. After doing this analysis, we have found that this ghazal has a very high cohesion and coherence. So, by utilizing this theory - that is a scientific method - we can probe the degree of cohesion and coherence in any ghazal of Hafez or other literary texts quantitatively.

Halliday’s SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL theory is one of the most important theories in text LINGUISTICS that cateres to formation of language and texture of text and forms. It is based on three meta functions: ideological, interpersonal and textual. This theory is considered a suitable model for the stylistics of text discourse and it can help to understand all aspects of author's discourse style. The present research was investigated with an analytical method and SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS approach on 42th sermon of Nahj al-Balagha based on the ideological and textual meta-functions in order to achieve the imam's discourse style and deeper understanding of the subtleties and hidden values ​​in the sermon. The results showed that the extent to which imam uses all kinds of processes is in harmony with the content of sermon and because of the content of sermon, which is related to mental affairs such as following the passions and long wishes, and knowing the most important differences between this world and the hereafter. Mental processes (0.050) and relational processes (0.031.25) have the biggest role in shaping the discourse of the sermon. From the point of view of textual meta-function, imam has expanded the concepts of sermon using structural factors (composite initiator (0.088), mark (0.075), creating new and old information (0.050) and has created a coherent connection between different clauses of the sermon by applying techniques of non-structural factors, grammatical, relational and vocabulary coherence. In fact, imam has established discourse style of the sermon according to the situational context and his knowledge of the audience to prevent their pride and sense of worldliness after victory.

The present study was an attempt to investigate the perceptions of the Iranian foreign language policy makers as articulated in Iran’ s foreign language policy document using a SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS approach. To this end, the type of processes and participants who have been used in Iran’ s foreign language policy document were identified and interpreted in light of the assumptions of SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS and the related literature. The findings point out that the foreign language education policy document is heavily influenced by and draws on well-entrenched ideological, historical, religious, and political discourses. Further interpretations show that the FLEP document is heavily influenced by what is referred to as the Islamic ideology and discourse. In addition, applying a SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS approach to the document also offers a host of other interesting information about the Iranian foreign language teaching policymakers underlying perceptions about foreign language teaching and issues of globalization and imperialism. The concept of agency and how it is deemed by the Iranian foreign language practitioners was another identified topic. An investigation of the National Document of Education that includes the FLEP document as one of its subsections further showed that teachers have been appropriately described as autonomous individuals who possess the required agency to conduct and direct the classroom learning and teaching processes. Investigations also provide information on the perceptions of the Iranian foreign language education policymakers about the age that students must begin the learning of a foreign language at school.

This study explored nominalized expression types in an applied LINGUISTICS book and a biology book as 2 distinct disciplines. The books were carefully read, the nominalized expression types were identified, the frequencies of the nominalization types were counted, and eventually chi-square was administered. Results revealed no significant difference in using nominalization. Furthermore, the density of nominalization was calculated by dividing their frequency by the total number of words. Results acknowledged the greater concentration of nominalization in the applied LINGUISTICS book. Furthermore, the proportion of nominalization to grammatical metaphor was calculated. Results demonstrated the greater tendency towards nominalizing scientific information in the applied LINGUISTICS book. This research can contribute to a better understanding of nominalization in academic textbooks and, thus, improve English for Specific Purposes learners’ use of nominalization in their writing. However, further research is needed to see how nominalization is exploited in other genres and other disciplines.

Proverbs, a cornerstone of folk literature, transmit societal thoughts and experiences across generations through concise and impactful sentences. Virtually every facet of human experience is reflected in proverbs, including the concept of peace, which is richly represented in Persian tradition. This study examines 30 Persian proverbs related to peace, employing a SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS framework to analyze their ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The findings reveal that these proverbs frequently utilize or imply a relational process. Circumstantial elements within these processes often serve to compare peace with war, or to provide justification for the prioritization of peace. In terms of interpersonal function, the consistent use of the present tense underscores the timeless relevance of peace. Regarding textual function, the placement of peace-related concepts in the thematic position emphasizes their centrality for the audience. Furthermore, the cohesive juxtaposition of peace with war, or related concepts, reinforces the imperative to avoid conflict.

Undoubtedly, the use of modern linguistic theories for the analysis of religious texts can pave the way for a better understanding of such texts. Among the new theories which today have a special place and wide application in text analysis and other linguistic areas, is SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL Grammar (SFG) of Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). According to this theory, the structure of language is influenced by the functions that language plays in the communication context and in the outside world, and this effect is manifested in the form of three broad metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal and textual. Since the emphasis of interpersonal metafunction is on the way of exchanging meaning between the speaker and the audience, its application in the analysis of religious texts, while making a better understanding of such texts, can be an appropriate benchmark for assessing the ability to generalize this theory. Therefore, using a descriptive-analytical method in terms of the Systematic FUNCTIONAL approach of Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), the present study aims to analyze one of the most famous sermons of Nahj al-Balagha, i. e. Shaqshaqiya Sermon. The main results of the research show that, despite the dominant frequency of indicative mood, Imam Ali (AS) throughout this sermon has somehow acted in the exchange and transfer of meaning as if both sides of the interaction engage in the construction of the text, thus avoiding any kind of one-sidedness and unilateral. Moreover, since the sermon has been delivered by the motive and the purpose of establishing the right of the caliphate by Commander of the Faithfu.